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"Alternative Medicine" Article "Alternativ medicin" artikel
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TLR5 - Cluster of Differentiation 285 TLR5 - Cluster af Differentiering 285

By Expert Author: Stephen Jones Ved ekspert Forfatter: Stephen Jones
View Summary | Submitted: 2008-07-11 | Word Count: 418 words | Views: 128 view(s) Vis Resumé | Forelagt: 2008-07-11 | Ordoptælling: 418 ord | Views: 128 se (s)
Stephen Jones
Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), a member of the evolutionarily conserved Toll-like receptor family, has evolved to permit mammals specifically to detect flagellated bacterial pathogens. Toll-lignende receptor 5 (TLR5), medlem af evolutionarily bevares Toll-lignende receptor-familien, har udviklet sig til at tillade pattedyr specifikt at opdage flagellated bakterielle patogener. Like all other members of the TLR family, TLR5 is composed of an extracellular domain containing multiple leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic tail containing the conserved TIR domain. Som alle andre medlemmer af TLR familie, TLR5 er sammensat af en ekstracellulære domæne indeholder flere leucin-rige gentager (LRRs), en transmembrane region, og en cytoplasmic hale indeholder de bevares TIR domæne. The TLR5 gene has been mapped to chromosome 1q41-42. Den TLR5 genet er blevet kortlagt til kromosom 1q41-42. The gene encodes a putative 858 aminio acid protein with a calculated molecular weight of 91 kDa. Genet koder en putative 858 aminio syre protein med en beregnet molekylevægt på 91 kDa. It is most closely related to TLR3 with 26% overall amino acid sequence identity. Det er meget tæt forbundet med TLR3 med 26% i alt aminosyresekvens identitet.

In vivo, TLR5 mRNA is expressed as a single transcript in ovary, prostate. In vivo, TLR5 mRNA er udtrykt i en enkelt afskrift i æggestokkene, prostata. In vitro, TLR5 is most significantly upregulated in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells by autocrine IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α, but is also elevated by IFN-γβ. In vitro, TLR5 er mest markant upregulated i PMA-opdelte THP-1-celler ved autocrine IL-6, IL-10, og TNF-α, men er også forhøjet ved IFN-γβ. Further, TLR5 mRNA expression is elevated after exposure to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Yderligere, TLR5 mRNA ekspression er forhøjet efter udsættelse for både Gram-positive og Gram-negative bakterier. Ex vivo, however, granulocyte and in particular monocyte TLR5 expression is downregulated upon exposure to Gram-negative bacteria (1, 2). Ex vivo dog granulocyt og især monocyt TLR5 udtryk er downregulated, når den udsættes for Gram-negative bakterier (1, 2).

TLR5 is expressed in epithelial cells of the airways, intestine, and urogenital tract, as well as on hemopoietic cells of the innate and adaptive immune system and has recently been shown to be involved in the transport of flagellated Salmonella typhimurium from the intestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph nodes. TLR5 er udtrykt i epitelceller af luftvejene, tarmen, og urogenital luftveje, samt om hemopoietic celler af medfødte og adaptive immunsystem og har for nylig vist sig at være involveret i transport af flagellated Salmonella typhimurium fra tarmkanalen til mesenterielymfeknuderne. Like other described TLRs, TLR5 utilizes the adaptor protein MyD88 and IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) to activate a signal transduction cascade that results in the activation of the transcription factor NF- B necessary for flagellin-induced effects on gene expression (4). Ligesom andre beskrevet TLRs, TLR5 udnytter adapter protein MyD88 og IL-1 receptor-associeret kinase (IRAK) for at aktivere et signal transduktion kaskade, der resulterer i aktivering af transskription faktor NF-B nødvendige for flagellin-inducerede virkninger på genekspression ( 4). TLR5 forms a homodimer as well as a heterodimer with TLR4. TLR5 former en homodimer samt en heterodimer med TLR4. Both complexes function to recognize the Flagellin protein of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and activation of the receptor mobilizes the nuclear factor NF-kappaB and stimulates tumour necrosis factor-alpha production. Begge komplekser funktion at genkende Flagellin protein i både Gram-positive og Gram-negative bakterier, og aktivering af receptor mobilizes den nukleare faktor NF-kappaB og stimulerer tumor nekrose faktor-alpha produktion. TheTLR5 recognition site on flagellin is conserved among a wide variety of flagellated bacteria although select bacterial species possess unique flagellin molecules that evade TLR5 recognition. TheTLR5 anerkendelse websted om flagellin er bevaret blandt en bred vifte af flagellated bakterier selv vælge bakterielle arter råder over en enestående flagellin molekyler, som unddrager sig TLR5 anerkendelse. These amino acids are located in the highly conserved D1 domain of the flagellin protein and cluster on the convex surface that contacts adjacent flagellin monomers in the flagellar protofilament. Disse aminosyrer er placeret i stærkt bevarede D1 domæne af flagellin protein og klynge på konveks overflade, der kontakter tilstødende flagellin monomerer i flagellar protofilament. Mutating individual residues in the TLR5 recognition site significantly reduced or completely abolished bacterial motility, suggesting that evolving a functional flagellin that evades TLR5 would require a complex series of mutations (5). Mutationen enkelte rester i TLR5 anerkendelse site stærkt reduceret eller helt afskaffet bakteriel motilitet, tyder på at udvikle et funktionelt flagellin, der unddrager sig TLR5 ville kræve en kompleks række af mutationer (5).

Reference:
1. Zarember, KA and PJ Godowski (2002) J. Immunol. Zarember, KA og PJ Godowski (2002) J. Immunol. 168:554.
2. Muzio, M. et al. Muzio, M. et al. (2000) J. Immunol. (2000) J. Immunol. 164:5998.
3. Yimin Yu Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 285: G282-G290, 2003 Yimin Yu Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 285: G282-G290, 2003
4. Nature. Art. 2001 Apr 26;410(6832):1099-103. 2001 april 26, 410 (6832) :1099-103.
About the Author/Author Bio Om Forfatter / Author Bio

IMGENEX India Pvt Ltd. the only biotech company in Orissa and one of its kinds in Eastern India. IMGENEX India Pvt Ltd den eneste biotekvirksomhed i Orissa og en af sin slags i det østlige Indien. IMGENEX India started in Oct as an outsourcing branch of IMGENEX Corporation , San Diego, USA. IMGENEX Indien begyndte i oktober som en outsourcing filial af IMGENEX Corporation, San Diego, USA. Find out more information about Toll-like receptors . Få flere oplysninger om Toll-lignende receptorer.

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Article Tags: alternative medicine , toll-like receptors Artikel Tags: alternativ medicin, vejafgift-lignende receptorer

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Usui Sensei, the recognized founder of Usui Reiki once said, “Just for today, do not worry. Usui Sensei, den anerkendte grundlægger af Usui Reiki engang sagde, "Bare for i dag, skal du ikke bekymre dig. Be filled with gratitude.” There are reasons why the great Reiki teacher uttered such words. Være fyldt med taknemmelighed. "Der er grunde til, at den store Reiki lærer har sagt sådanne ord. And it’s primarily because he knows how much power your thoughts and statements have on you. Og det er først og fremmest fordi han ved, hvor meget strøm dine tanker og udtalelser har om dig.
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Anugraha Reiki is one of the many forms of the popular Reiki system of healing. Anugraha Reiki er en af de mange former for populære Reiki system for helbredelse. Reiki has its origins traced back to Japan where the practice was developed by a Tendai Budhhist named Mikao Usui in 1922. Reiki har sin oprindelse spores tilbage til Japan, hvor praksis blev udviklet af en Tendai Budhhist navngivne Mikao Usui i 1922. He was said to have discovered the technique after a 21-day retreat on Mount Kurama. Han var siges at have opdaget teknikken efter en 21-dages retræte på Mount Kurama.
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Looking for neti pot salt. Leder du efter neti pot salt. Here's a handy guide for you to help you understand what kinds of neti pot salt is available and how to determine which one is right for you. Her er en praktisk guide for dig og hjælpe dig med at forstå, hvilke former for neti pot salt er til rådighed, og hvordan du kan afgøre, hvilken en der er rigtigt for dig. Neti Pot salt is available commercially as prepackaged individual mixes and also it can be found in bulk form. Neti Pot salt findes i handelen som færdigpakkede individuelle blandinger og også det kan findes i løs form. The bulk neti pot salt is usually found in containers or even plastic bags. Hovedparten neti pot salt er normalt findes i containere eller plastposer. Neti salt comes in a variety of strengths or saline concentrations. Neti salt kommer i forskellige styrker og saltholdigt koncentrationer.
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