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"Alternative Medicine" Article "Alternativ medicin" artikel
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TLR7 - Cluster of Differentiation 287 TLR7 - Cluster af Differentiering 287

By Expert Author: Stephen Jones Ved ekspert Forfatter: Stephen Jones
View Summary | Submitted: 2008-07-11 | Word Count: 542 words | Views: 154 view(s) Vis Resumé | Forelagt: 2008-07-11 | Ordoptælling: 542 ord | Views: 154 se (s)
Stephen Jones
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), is an immune gene possessed by humans, other mammals and additionally in avian species playing a significant role in initiating antiviral immune responses. Toll-lignende receptor 7 (TLR7), er en immun-genet i besiddelse af mennesker, andre pattedyr og desuden i fuglearter, der spiller en væsentlig rolle i forbindelse med iværksættelsen antiviral immunresponser. It belongs to the evolutionarily conserved Toll-like receptor family. Det tilhører den evolutionarily bevares Toll-lignende receptor familien. The TLR7 sequence encodes a 1049 amino acid protein with a calculated molecular weight of 121 kDa. Den TLR7 sekvens koder en 1049 aminosyre protein med en beregnet molekylevægt på 121 kDa. Like all other members of the TLR family, TLR7 contain an ectodomain with multiple leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and a cytoplasmic domain homologous to that of the human interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor. Som alle andre medlemmer af TLR familie, TLR7 indeholde en ectodomain med flere leucin-rige gentager (LRRs) og en cytoplasmic domæne homologt til det menneskelige interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor. TLR7 is most closely related to TLR8 and TLR9 with 43% and 36% overall amino acid sequence identity, respectively and thus along with TLR8 and TLR9 constitutes a new sub-family of the TLRs. TLR7 er meget tæt forbundet med TLR8 og TLR9 med 43% og 36% i alt aminosyresekvens identitet, henholdsvis og dermed sammen med TLR8 og TLR9 udgør en ny sub-familien af TLRs.

In vivo, TLR7 mRNA is expressed in lung, placenta, spleen, lymph node, and tonsil. In vivo, TLR7 mRNA er udtrykt i lunge-, placenta, milt, lymfeknude, og tonsiller. TLR7 mRNA expression is highest in monocytes, B cells, and DC. TLR7 mRNA udtryk er højest i monocytter, B-celler, og DC. In vitro, TLR7 mRNA expression is upregulated in THP-1 cells upon PMA-induced differentiation. In vitro, TLR7 mRNA ekspression er upregulated i THP-1 celler på PMA-induceret differentiering. TLR7 is highly upregulated by exposure to IL-6 and to a slightly lesser extent by autocrine IFN-γ, IL-1β. TLR7 er meget upregulated ved eksponering for IL-6 og i lidt mindre omfang ved autocrine IFN-γ, IL-1β. TLR7 mRNA expression in THP-1 cells is elevated after exposure to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. TLR7 mRNA udtryk i THP-1 celler er forhøjet efter udsættelse for både Gram-positive og Gram-negative bakterier. Ex vivo, expression of TLR7 is elevated after exposure to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in monocytes and to a greater degree in granulocytes. Ex vivo, udtryk for TLR7 er forhøjet efter udsættelse for både Gram-positive og Gram-negative bakterier i monocytter og til en højere grad i granulocytter. Like TLR3, it appears that TLR7 may be localized intracellularly (1, 2). Ligesom TLR3 ser det ud til, at TLR7 kan være lokaliseret intracellulært (1, 2). In humans, TLR7 is expressed on a restricted range of cell types with the highest abundance found on plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells. Hos mennesker, TLR7 er udtrykt på et begrænset udvalg af celletyper med den højeste forekomst findes på plasmacytoid dendritic celler og B-celler.

TLR7 is activated by infections with single-stranded RNA viruses, including influenza virus and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). TLR7 aktiveres af infektioner med enkelt-strenget RNA-virus, herunder influenza-virus og vesikulær stomatitis-virus (vsv). Stimulation of TLR7 with the viral nucleic acids, causes a type I IFN response and secretion of a large quantity of IFNα and the production of inflammatory cytokines [including IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-12, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)]. Stimulering af TLR7 med den virale nukleinsyrer, forårsager en type I IFN respons og sekretion af en stor mængde IFNα og produktion af inflammatoriske cytokiner [herunder IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL - 12, tumor nekrose faktor-alfa (TNF-alfa)]. TLR7 activation also mediates up-regulation of costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86), major histocompatibilty complex molecules and chemokine receptors (CCR7) (3). TLR7 aktivering også som mellemled op-regulering af costimulatory molekyler (CD40, CD80, CD86), store histocompatibilty komplekse molekyler og chemokine receptorer (CCR7) (3). Two signaling pathways of TLR7 are thought to induce inflammatory cytokine expression: the MyD88- IRAK1-TRAF6-IRF5 pathway and the MyD88-TRAF6-TAK1-MAPK/IKK-AP-1/NF-κB pathway.(4) Following nucleic acid recognition, TLR7 recruit the TIR-domain To signalveje der af TLR7 menes at inducere inflammatoriske cytokin udtryk: MyD88-IRAK1-TRAF6-IRF5 pathway og MyD88-TRAF6-TAK1-MAPK/IKK-AP-1/NF-κB pathway. (4) Efter nukleinsyre anerkendelse , TLR7 rekruttere TIR-domæne
containing adapter called MyD88. indeholdende adapter kaldet MyD88. MyD88 forms a complex with members of IRAK family (IRAK1 and IRAK4) and TRAF6, which in turn activates TAK1 and results in the activation of NF-κB. MyD88 danner et kompleks med medlemmer af IRAK familie (IRAK1 og IRAK4) og TRAF6, som igen aktiverer TAK1 og resultater i aktivering af NF-κB. In addition to single-stranded RNA, the synthetic imidazoquinoline, imiquimod, a low molecular weight immune response modifier, activates TLR7 in both humans and mice, whereas its derivative resiquimod (R-848) activates TLR7 in humans. Ud over single-strandede RNA, den syntetiske imidazoquinoline, imiquimod, en lavmolekylære immunrespons modifier, aktiverer TLR7 i både mennesker og mus, mens dens afledte resiquimod (R-848) aktiverer TLR7 hos mennesker. Both imiquimod and R-848 elicit robust anti-viral and anti-tumor immune responses in vivo, which correlate with a strong induction of type I IFNs. Begge imiquimod og R-848 fremkalde robust anti-virus-og anti-tumor immunrespons in vivo, som korrelerer med en stærk induktion af type I IFNs. As a consequence of this activity, imiquimod is used for the treatment of external genital warts caused by human Papillomavirus. Som en konsekvens af denne aktivitet, imiquimod anvendes til behandling af eksterne kønsvorter forårsaget af human papillomavirus. (5) TLR7 has been implicated in recognizing guanosine and uracil-rich single-stranded(ss) RNA such as the U5 region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA and influenza U-rich ssRNA, leading to up-regulation of IFN-alpha. (5) TLR7 har været involveret i at anerkende guanosin og uracil-rige single-strandede (ss) RNA såsom U5 region af human immundefekt virus type 1 RNA og influenza U-rige ssRNA, der fører til op-regulering af IFN-alpha.


Reference:
1. Heine, H. and E. Lein (2003) Int. Heine, H. og E. Lein (2003) Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. Allergy Immunol. 130:180.
2. Dunne, A. and LAJ O'Neill (2003) Sci. Dunne, A. og LAJ O'Neill (2003) Sci. STKE 2003:re3. STKE 2003: RE3.
3. Victoria J Volume 114 Issue 4 Page 507-521, April 2005 Victoria J bind 114 Issue 4 Side 507-521, april 2005
4. Myeong Sup Lee Annual Review of BiochemistryVol. Myeong sup Lee årlige gennemgang af BiochemistryVol. 76: 447-480, 2007. 76: 447-480, 2007.
5. Annett Schoenemeyer J. Biol. Annett Schoenemeyer J. Biol. Chem., Vol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 17, 17005-17012, April 29, 2005. 280, Issue 17, 17005-17012, April 29, 2005.
About the Author/Author Bio Om Forfatter / Author Bio

IMGENEX India Pvt Ltd. the only biotech company in Orissa and one of its kinds in Eastern India. IMGENEX India Pvt Ltd den eneste biotekvirksomhed i Orissa og en af sin slags i det østlige Indien. IMGENEX India started in Oct as an outsourcing branch of IMGENEX Corporation , San Diego, USA. IMGENEX Indien begyndte i oktober som en outsourcing filial af IMGENEX Corporation, San Diego, USA. Find out more information about Toll-like receptors . Få mere information om Toll-lignende receptorer.

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Article Tags: alternative medicine , toll-like receptors Artikel Tags: alternativ medicin, vejafgift-lignende receptorer

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Usui Sensei, the recognized founder of Usui Reiki once said, “Just for today, do not worry. Usui Sensei, den anerkendte grundlægger af Usui Reiki engang sagde, "Bare for i dag, skal du ikke bekymre dig. Be filled with gratitude.” There are reasons why the great Reiki teacher uttered such words. Være fyldt med taknemmelighed. "Der er grunde til, at den store Reiki lærer har sagt sådanne ord. And it’s primarily because he knows how much power your thoughts and statements have on you. Og det er først og fremmest fordi han ved, hvor meget strøm dine tanker og udtalelser har om dig.
Warren Buffet once said, "Somebody's sitting in the shade today because someone planted a tree a long time ago." Warren Buffet sagde engang: "Nogen mødet i skyggen i dag, fordi en person har plantet et træ for længe siden." This concept can be applied to becoming wealthy and also to becoming healthy. Dette begreb kan anvendes til at blive rige og også til at blive raske. By choosing to incorporate mindful, healthy lifestyle choices and preventive health care modalities into our lives today, we can enjoy the shade for years to come. Ved at vælge at indarbejde opmærksomme, sund livsstil valg og forebyggende sundhedsydelser modaliteter i vores liv i dag, kan vi nyde skyggen i årene fremover.
Anugraha Reiki is one of the many forms of the popular Reiki system of healing. Anugraha Reiki er en af de mange former for populære Reiki system for helbredelse. Reiki has its origins traced back to Japan where the practice was developed by a Tendai Budhhist named Mikao Usui in 1922. Reiki har sin oprindelse spores tilbage til Japan, hvor praksis blev udviklet af en Tendai Budhhist navngivne Mikao Usui i 1922. He was said to have discovered the technique after a 21-day retreat on Mount Kurama. Han var siges at have opdaget teknikken efter en 21-dages retræte på Mount Kurama.
Everyone deserves to be happy. Alle fortjener at være lykkelig. In fact, this can only happen when there is abundance and prosperity which happen to be the basic principles of Reiki. I realiteten kan dette kun ske, når der er overflod og velstand, som tilfældigvis er de grundlæggende principper om Reiki. Abundance and prosperity Reiki can only be achieved by following the five principles namely give cheerfully, change your voice if you want to desire, know your life’s purpose, be aware that there must be no mistakes or regrets and living the mantra. Overflod og velstand Reiki kan kun opnås ved at følge de fem principper, dvs give muntert, ændre din stemme hvis du ønsker at ønske, ved dit liv's formål, være klar over, at der skal være nogen fejl eller beklager og lever det mantra.
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Looking for neti pot salt. Leder du efter neti pot salt. Here's a handy guide for you to help you understand what kinds of neti pot salt is available and how to determine which one is right for you. Her er en praktisk guide for dig og hjælpe dig med at forstå, hvilke former for neti pot salt er til rådighed, og hvordan du kan afgøre, hvilken en der er rigtigt for dig. Neti Pot salt is available commercially as prepackaged individual mixes and also it can be found in bulk form. Neti Pot salt findes i handelen som færdigpakkede individuelle blandinger, og også det kan findes i løs form. The bulk neti pot salt is usually found in containers or even plastic bags. Hovedparten neti pot salt er normalt findes i containere eller plastposer. Neti salt comes in a variety of strengths or saline concentrations. Neti salt kommer i forskellige styrker og saltholdigt koncentrationer.
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